These controversies regarding the relationships between citizenship pressure, OCBs and CCBs could be because of the ways that OCBs are measured. From the literature, OCBs have usually been described as spontaneous behaviours and rated by colleagues or leaders (e.g.two). Other-rated measurements are unable to establish the behavioural motivations underlying OCBs1,11. https://www.youtube.com/shorts/ZsO9iQ1SGS4